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This chapter addresses the topic of Measurement and Sampling, and answers the questions: How do archaeologists make measurements through the archaeological record? And also how do archaeologist sample from the archaeological record? The archaeological record is all artifacts, ecofacts, and features of an archaeological site. Archaeologists make measurements through the archaeological record first by finding the types of data through measurement. There are three types of data in the arch record: Nominal, ordinal, and interval. Nominal data is organized into specific categories and cannot be put into any rational order. An example could be two rocks both equal in shape but of different color. There is no way to put them in order rationally. The next type of data is ordinal data, which is data ordered in a specific way, but has no constant space in between them.