Under what circumstances did the Czarist government and the Qing government make reform efforts in the
Both the Czarist government and the Qing government made reforms in the early 20th century. Czar Nicholas II appointed Peter Stolypin to carry out a reform in 1905 and the Qing government introduced the Late Qing Reform in 1901. Both governments introduced the reforms under similar circumstances. ... In both countries, the people were very discontented with the government. ... At first the boxers were supported by the Qing court to attack the foreigners, missionaries and Chinese converts. ... The Qing had no power to control them anymore and could only watch them destroy. ... Government officials were assassinated. ... Both the Chinese and the Russians were very discontented with their government. The Qing government had disappointed the Chinese by the repeated defeat in foreign wars; beginning with the First Anglo-Chinese War, then the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese War, the Eight-Power Expedition and the signing of unequal treaties. It proved to the Chinese that the Qing court was powerless to defend China from foreign aggression. ... The Qing court had completely lost face in front of the Chinese. The repeated failures of the Self-Strengthening Movement and the Hundred Day¡¦s Reform made the Chinese more discontented. It revealed to them the fact that a reform introduced by the Qing court is not enough to save China and that the Qing court must be overthrown. In Russia, peasants were also very discontented with the Czarist government.