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The Dutch Republic Model for other constitutional states 1581 - 7 provinces of the Union of Utrecht form United Provinces Independence confirmed by Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Led to the "Golden Age" of the Netherlands Power was held by regents in an oligarchy States General handled foreign affairs States General appointed stadholders (representatives) in each province Confederation was a weak collection of separate states Holland (largest navy) dominated Dutch were republicans and Calvinists Upper class and middle class believed in hard work Political success based on economic prosperity *They were tolerant of religion Toleration attracted investment Herring fishing was the cornerstone of their success Profits stimulated shipbuilding Became transporters - not exporters 1602 - Dutch East India Company created, a joint-stock company East and West India Companies became tools of imperialism Amsterdam became the center of trade Bank of Amsterdam was the place with the lowest credit rate and was easiest to attain Highest standard of living in Europe "island of plenty in a sea of wants" Decline began with Peace of Utrecht (1713) after the costly War of Spanish Succession by William of Orange The Dutch Republic Model for other constitutional states 1581 - 7 provinces of the Union of Utrecht form United Provinces Independence confirmed by Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Led to the "Golden Age" of the Netherlands Power was held by regents in an oligarchy States General handled foreign affairs States General appointed stadholders (representatives) in each province Confederation was a weak collection of separate states Holland (largest navy) dominated Dutch were republicans and Calvinists Upper class and middle class believed in hard work Political success based on economic prosperity *They were tolerant of religion Toleration attracted investment Herring fishing was the cornerstone of their success Profits stimulated shipbuilding Became transporters - not exporters 1602 - Dutch East India Company created, a joint-stock company East and West India Companies became tools of imperialism Amsterdam became the center of trade Bank of Amsterdam was the place with the lowest credit rate and was easiest to attain Highest standard of living in Europe "island of plenty in a sea of wants" Decline began with Peace of Utrecht (1713) after the costly War of Spanish Succession by William of Orange The Dutch Republic Model for other constitutional states 1581 - 7 provinces of the Union of Utrecht form United Provinces Independence confirmed by Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Led to the "Golden Age" of the Netherlands Power was held by regents in an oligarchy States General handled foreign affairs States General appointed stadholders (representatives) in each province Confederation was a weak collection of separate states Holland (largest navy) dominated Dutch were republicans and Calvinists Upper class and middle class believed in hard work Political success based on economic prosperity *They were tolerant of religion Toleration attracted investment Herring fishing was the cornerstone of their success Profits stimulated shipbuilding Became transporters - not exporters 1602 - Dutch East India Company created, a joint-stock company East and West In