Japanese methods
Inside Japan How widespread is the Japanese employment system within Japan itself? The typically ¡°Japanese¡± system described by Okada & Goalstone is enjoyed by male, full-time workers in large companies. ... (See Kamata¡¯s account of working in a car factory as a temporary worker, Ogasawara¡¯s account of her research as an ¡°officel lady¡± in a bank, and Woronoff¡¯s sceptical view of the Japanese ¡°economic miracle¡±. ... (Is this a purely Japanese phenomenon? ... point out that ¡°lifetime employment¡± can be ¡°lifetime punishment¡± if a worker is never sacked and never promoted, and that the pay system and ¡°guided¡± company unionism may also make resistance difficult to the ¡°darker, coercive side¡± of Japanese management.