objectivity of observation
Norwood Russell Hanson’s work on observation introduced the concept that scientific claims are theory-laden. ... If there is no kind of seeing which is theory neutral, is there some other objective way of observation and scientific explanation? The implication for science is that the widely accepted verificationist notion that scientific theory is justified, confirmed, or falsified by empirical observation is contradicted. ... He asserts that observation is never theory independent. There is always some type of theory linking the terms and the results of scientific observation and testing. Shapere also offers a new definition of ‘direct observation’ within the science. ... The scientific observation is not perception (direct) of the Sun’s core, yet inferred from observations of other particles and reactions detectable to humans.