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culture and power |
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... CULTURE AND POWER At its most basic level, IDEOLOGY simply refers to a coherent set of ideas or beliefs, although approaches such as Marxism have attached more expansive implications to the concept. ... According to Gramsci, hegemony is the process by which the ruling class maintains power by manipulating key institutions like the church, media and schools, rather than by overt force. ... (From FMC1006 Culture and Society Study Guide) Hegemony: "The process of making, maintaining and reproducing the governing sets of meanings of a given culture". (Barker 2000: 385) (A series of changing discourses and practices intrinsically bound up with social power. ... Hall broadly follows the Institutional approach to language and culture, placing language use within a framework of power, institutions, and systems of politics and economics. This theory presents individuals "as simultaneous makers and consumers of culture, participating in that culture according to their place in economic and political structures. This area emphasizes the role of institutions -- governments, churches, states -- in making culture. ... ) HEGEMONY Hegemony -- the willing acceptance of one social groups dominance and control by another and the dominating groups main vehicle of control -- can be seen in terms of the more complex view of social structure, elaborated for the analysis of popular culture, developed in recent years within the Gramscian tradition and articulated by theorists such as Stuart Hall. ... (eds) (1980) "Culture, Media Language" London, Hutchinson. ... Lecture Notes Week 3: Key Concepts 1006FMC Culture and Society Lecture Week 3: Key Concepts in Cultural Studies Rea Turner (Powerpoint Notes available via Library Lecture Notes Link) Texts and Contexts: If you look in the dictionary you will see that context is defined as that which precedes and follows a word or phrase. ... Signs and codes are governed by rules that are agreed upon by members of the using culture. ... The dominant ideology of a culture works through the form of the text. ... Because just as culture is bound with differential distribution of power within society, texts themselves express and reproduce those power imbalances. ... Thus the ruling class because of its power and economic position controlled the ideas and practices of the society. ... Thus Kellner argues the news is ideological as it is filtered and told through the those in power – big business and the US government. ... Mass Culture High Culture – What is mass culture? ... Urbanisation mechanisation, technology replacing older forms of work and culture, eg the factory and the cinema. ... This is typified by the “mass”, mass audience, mass culture, mass technology. ... “Taste and sensibility assailed by” mass forms of culture such as “films, advertising and newspapers” (Leavis and Thompson in Goodall). European and British intellectuals such at the FR and QD Leavis, Gustave Le Bon who wrote The Crowd, Oswald Spengler Decline of the West felt deep pessimism about mass man, a commonplace Mr Average who is at odds with minority culture, if those individuals who hold the keys to culture, great thinkers, scientists and artists, vanish than society’s culture will decay and vanish. The theory of mass culture is also seen as feminine, the female is seen by Nietzsche et al as a threat to the artistic genius of males, He and others argued that mass culture exalts the average and the emotional. ... Some of this pessimism of mass culture leading to a dystopia can be seen in the film Metropolis directed by german expressionist filmmaker Fritz Lang 1927, seen as a prototype of science fiction cinema. Mass culture is also characterised by mass entry into various levels of education, no longer elitist - “the greater number of people held to be capable of higher education, the lower this ‘higher’ education must be” (Anderson, professor of Philosophy). Mass culture critique has still a powerful lobby – When you hear Premier Beatty saying that students should have grade 13 rather than watch “Days of the Lives” in Parliament and this is used as news, he is calling upon precisely this critique of mass culture. That somehow education through examples of music, art and literature will provide amunition against mass culture and in particular television. ... Sixty hours minus 20 hours in a working plus the abolition of child labour and increased opportunities for univeral education will lead to the decay of culture or kitsch. Mass culture is also seen as American popular culture and imperialist and I mean popular in the negative sense here . Typified by vulgar aesthetic, trash, modern cult of show business, everything produced in culture has a commodity value – cheapens the value. ... On the left mass culture was theorised as “false consciousness” – produced to deceive and lull people into acceptance, manipulates people, creates false needs. Culture that is produced by mass production “in both literal and figurative senses, in the course of making profit and its consequent surrender to consumerist values, is what distinguishes it fundamentally from the popular art of the past” (Adorno in Goodall). ... High Culture – The polar opposite of mass is elite. Minority nature of high culture – based on taste, hierarchy and is at heart elitist. ... All that is valuable in a civilisation’s culture is the work of a few people, a small portion of the population (Leavis). ... Also includes the former days of the “living culture of the people, an oral folk culture of an organic community” (Goodall). |
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