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Development of Education The National Report of the Sultanate of Oman 1994-1996 Presented to the 45th Session of the International Conference of Education Geneva Prepared by the Ministry of Education August 1996 Table of contents 1. Economic, social and political concepts and their influence on education system. ... Structure and organization of the education system: 4. ... Financing Education: 6. ... Special Education 8. Private Education 9. Higher Education 10. ... Informal education: 12. ... Problems, hindrances and difficulties that face development of education - Future visions. ... Economic, social and political concepts and their influence on education system. ... The Ministry of Education since then, has shaped its educational policies according to the speeches of His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Saeed who has given education top priority to build a modern state. His Majesty has made his orders to provide education to Omanis as quickly as possible. ... Thus the government started spending money generously on formal and informal education so that educational facilities cover the widest spectrum of the society. ... The government has welcomed them and thus a lot of them returned and as a result of that, the governments commitment towards their education has increased. ... To meet all these needs, the Ministry of Education has offered its services which were fully financially supported by the government. ... The Ministry of Education has continued in building schools, institutes and colleges according to fixed five-year plans. ... All these provisions are made within the large budget which is allocated by the government for education. The Ministry of Education is busily engaged in innovating and developing the educational system in Oman in order to cope with the scientific and technological innovations of the recent years of this century and to be prepared for the next century. ... The principles and general objectives of education: The Omani philosophy of education is based on several major principles. ... The individual integrated development is a major objective of education and it is at the same time one of the aims of the society. Education strives to achieve this objective by all means possible and in the best way. * Social liberality: Education endeavors to liberate the capabilities of individuals and of groups. ... * Modernization of the Omani society: This principle makes education the main tool with which members of the society acquire the required technical skills and the proper intellectual approaches in order to enable them to face the challenges of a changing world where technology and new inventions are widely spreading in all aspects of life. Education should make individuals acquire positive attitudes to accept new knowledge of today and to make such individuals able to understand and to handle this knowledge properly and in a useful way which leads to the development and progress of the whole society. * Economic development: It is a national goal of the Omani society to increase the national income and to improve the living standards of its members through developing human capabilities and efforts and through the exploitation of natural resources - Education has to train the capable and efficient members of the society so that they can carry out all tasks of development and to achieve the economic progress of the Omani society. * National Unity: The efforts made by all classes of the Omani society to achieve a solid national unity is considered as one of the important principles of education. ... Thus, it is a principle of education to implant patriotism and membership among citizens and to make them ready to defend the countrys independence, honour and national pride. ... b General educational objectives: The general educational objectives are based on the principles of the Omani philosophy of education and its spiritual, national, social and political approaches. ... The General objectives of education in the Sultanate of Oman are: * Developing the mental abilities: In this respect education aims to provide members of the society with basic knowledge and to develop mental abilities which they will need to make use of throughout life. ... * Islamic education: It aims to make learners acquire the basic facts of Islam and its ideals which lead to believe in God. Islamic education aims also to make learners interact throughout their life according to the instructions of religion, following its orders and avoiding its prohibitions. ... * Physical education: Education takes care of the proper physical development of the learner. ... Education aims also to help the leaner to gain the proper habits in eating, drinking, working and in relaxing. ... * Emotional education: Education aims to develop positive emotional trends of the learner towards nature, work, society and arts. ... Education also aims to make the learner appreciate the innovations and inventions, especially those which are produced in the Islamic or Arabic worlds. * Education for earning living and respect of work: In this respect, education is concerned with enforcing the proper concepts towards work and how to respect it regardless the title of the job. Education also is concerned that the learner should acquire a good understanding of the nature of jobs and common professions which are practised in the community and their importance to the society. ... * Education for economic investment Education nowadays is considered as human and economic investment which directly participates in development projects and which leads to the increment of the national income. It is an objective of education to meet the needs of the society of the skilful manpower in all levels in order to carry out developmental projects. Higher education specialization is also required according to the needs of development. * Civic education and politics: Education aims to educate the Omani citizen of his rights and duties towards his country, and his obligations and commitments towards his nation. It is civic education that makes the learner knows his rights and duties. * Education for proper use of spare time: Education is concerned with developing the abilities of learners to use their spare time properly through training them to practise suitable hobbies according to their tendencies and abilities. ... * Permanent education: It is a new concept in the filed of education. ... 2 Legal texts of education and other educational regulations: The shape of educational policy in the Sultanate of Oman is designed according to the instructions of His Majesty and according to the policies set up by the government. In the light of these instructions and policies, the Ministry of Education designs and executes the educational policy. ... These decrees and circulars translate the general policy into actions which should be taken by the employees of different departments of the Ministry in order to realize the general objectives of education in the country. * In 1994, the Ministry of Higher Education was established. This Ministry, with the Ministry of Education, are responsible to set up, design and execute the policies of education in the Sultanate. ... * The system of the Ministry of Education is formed of three vertical levels. They are: - Central level: It is presented by the Ministry of Education. ... 3 Programmes/National plans, political declarations on education * Enforcement of decentralization of administration The Ministry endeavours to enforce decentralization of administration. ... In this respect, the Ministry has established regional directorates of education. I * Providing education in the best way possible: The government aims to provide education to all members of the society and to leave schools opened for people regardless the sex of learners both in towns and rural areas. It encourages people to bring their children to schools by providing free education in public schools. ... Expansion of education has been achieved according to five-year plans which have started since 1975. ... This planning aims to achieve objectives which were designed properly and it takes into account the priorities of providing education according to the circumstances of each region. Educational planning is concerned also with the quality of education offered to people in the same way that it is concerned with the quantity of that education. ... 4 The main characteristics of the current and future improvements * Qualitative improvement: The Ministry has directed its efforts in recent years to improve and develop the quality of education after it has made a remarkable improvement in quantity. The new policy aims to improve the outputs of education. ... Regulations are made to invite more parents for more involvement in education matters These associations were formed at the beginning only at the schools level. ... At all three levels, these associations discuss all maters that are relevant to educational service and they make their remarks and suggestions on admission policy at all levels of education. They also make their suggestions and remarks on quality of different types of education and on results and achievements of students in the general certificates examinations. ... * Educational evaluation: Educational evaluation aims to assess the outputs of education system. ... The committee consists of several specialists from Sultan Qaboos University and from the Teacher Training Colleges beside experts from the Ministry of Education. ... There is also another project for the overall development of general secondary education. ... As Ministry of Education is considered as one of the largest ministries with its large number of employees, Omanization, thus, is a vital issue for the Ministry and it is considered of a prime importance for its national, educational, social, cultural and economic objectives. ... Structure and organization of the education system: 3.1 Organization and types of education: The educational ladder in Oman consists of the following types: - Elementary level - Preparatory level - Secondary level - Higher Education (Figure No. ... Types of Education The education system in Oman consists of the following types: a) Pre-General Education: Day nurseries and kindergartens are available in some private schools. ... b) General Education: It consists of three levels. ... It also prepares them to professional life and good citizenship and to continue their higher education. ... Graduates of these institutes obtain the Islamic Preparatory Certificate which enable them to join secondary schools with their colleagues from the schools of general education. D) Technical Education: This type of education is parallel to the secondary level. ... The objective of technical education is to produce semi-skilled manpower. ... E) Special Education: There are two special education schools. One school is for the education of the deaf and the other is for mentally retarded children. ... Blind students who complete their preparatory education are allowed to join secondary schools with other normal students. ... F) Adult Education Centres: Adult education and literacy campaign centres use school buildings in the evenings. ... G) Private Education: Private sector in Oman plays a supportive role to the Ministry in extending elementary education. This role helps in the acceptance of all children at the school-age to find a chance for education. ... Private sector is the main provider of pre-elementary education. ... H) Higher Education: There are several higher education institutions either at the university level or as post secondary specialised colleges. These institutions are: - Sultan Qaboos University which includes the faculties of Medicine, Engineering, Agriculture, Science, Education and Islamic studies, Arts and Commerce and Economics. - Colleges of Education: They are a four-year colleges for teacher training. They award Bachelor of Education to their graduates who teach at all education levels. ... 3 Compulsory Education ( Admission age and duration of study) There is no compulsory education in Oman, but the government has paid special care to education. Schools have been built all over the country and thus education is provided freely to all children at the age of six or even those who are at the age of seven or eight can also join school. ... 1 The plan and the functions of the central, regional and local administrations: There are three vertical administrative levels in the Ministry of Education. ... The Ministry is supporting discentralization in administration and it encourages decision making at local level to the extend that leads to smooth on-going of work and to quick reactions to face changes which can not wait for a decision to be taken at the central level In this respect, the Ministry has established regional directorates of education in the ten different regions. ... This meeting is attended by the section chiefs of general education and inspectorate at the regional directorates. ... This council has educational functions and it helps in the fulfilment of the objectives of education at the school level. ... 2 The educational role of other ministries and non-governmental organs - coordination mechanism: - The Ministry of Higher Education: It supervises post-secondary education in universities, institutes and colleges. ... Financing Education: 5.1 General expenditure on education: The Sultanate provides education freely for all those who are interested in it. ... The percentage of the education budget to the general budget is also shown (The figures are relevant to general education only). The year Education Budget State Budget Percentage 1994 OR. ... 2 Distribution of expenditure on education levels: The Ministry of Education has spent the amounts shown in the table below on general education with its three levels. ... 3 Details of current and capital expenditure from general financing of education The table below shows details of the approved budget according to running, capital and development expenditure for the years 1994 to 1996 (all amounts are in Omani Rials). ... 4 Distribution of general expenditure on education according to resources of financing It worth mentioning here that the government is the main financing resource of education. ... 5 Expenditure on private education according to different levels: Private education in Oman is run by Omani citizens. Fees of private education are approved by the Ministry and are taken from students as school expenses in condition that private schools provide an education which is equal in quality to that provided by public schools in different levels. The Ministry does not offer any expenditure on private education except in supervising activities. ... 6 The volume of financing from governmental bodies to higher education institutions in forms of fees or other resources As it is mentioned above, education is freely offered by the government to all Omanis, therefore there are no fees charged in all types and levels of public education. ... 7 Private Contributions and donation in financing higher education institutions and other fees: The institutions of higher education fix the fees which they charge without the interference of the government. ... (A) Elementary Level: The subjects taught in this level are: Arabic language, Islamic studies, English language, general science, Mathematics, social studies (Geography, History and Civics) Sports, Art Education, Music, vocational activities (Home science for girls and agricultural activities for boys). (B) Preparatory level: The subjects taught in this level are: Arabic language, Islamic studies, General science, mathematics, English language, social studies, sports, Music, Art Education, Home science for girls and Industrial or Agricultural Activities for boys. C) Secondary Level: In this level the following subjects are taught in first year: Arabic language, Islamic studies, English language, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, History, Geography, Civics, Sports, Art Education and Home Science for girls. ... All subjects taught in general education levels are considered as compulsory subjects. ... Teaching Plan for Elementary level Subjects Grades and Number of periods per week 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Islamic Studies 6 6 6 5 5 5 Arabic Language 11 11 9 6 6 6 English Language - - - 4 4 4 Mathematics 5 5 5 5 5 5 General Science 2 2 2 2 2 2 Social Studies 1 1 2 2 2 2 Sports 2 2 2 2 2 2 Art Education 1 1 1 1 1 1 Music Education 1 1 1 1 1 Vocational Activities - - 1 1 1 1 Practical Activities 1 1 - - - - Total of periods per week 30 30 30 30 30 30 * The school-year is 32 weeks * The vocational activities include home science for girls and agricultural activities for boys. ... Teaching Plan for Preparatory Level Subjects Grades and Number of periods per week 1st 2nd 3rd Islamic Studies 4 4 4 Arabic Language 6 6 6 English Language 4 4 4 Mathematics 5 5 5 General Science 4 4 4 Social Studies 3 3 3 Sports 1 1 1 Art Education 1 1 1 Music Education 1 1 1 Vocational Activities 1 1 1 Total of periods per week 30 30 30 * The school-year is 32 weeks. ... Teaching Plan for Secondary Level Subjects Grades and Number of periods per week 1st 2nd 3rd Arts Science Arts Science Islamic Studies 4 4 4 4 4 Arabic Language 7 9 5 9 5 English Language 5 6 6 6 6 Mathematics 5 2 7 2 7 Chemistry 2 - 3 - 3 Physics 2 - 4 - 4 Biology 2 - 2 - 2 General Science - 2 - 2 History 2 3 - 3 Geography 2 4 - 4 Civics (Omani Society) 1 (Arab Society) - 2 (Islamic World) - - - 2 Sports 1 1 1 1 1 Art Education 1 1 1 1 1 Home Science (for girls) 1 1 1 1 1 Total of periods per week 35 35 35 35 35 *The school-year is 32 weeks. ... 3 Language of instruction in different levels of education: Arabic language is the official language of Oman. ... Using English Language for instruction is subject to the approval of Ministry of Education. ... 4 Evaluation system; (Examinations and Tests) in different levels of education: Educational evaluation aims to assess the outputs of education and it tends to promote the educational system. ... In the technical education, the students who pass exams are awarded either the Industrial Secondary Certificate or the Commercial Secondary Certificate according to their specializations. ... 6 Dropout rate in both general and private education in different levels Level Males Females Total Elementary 1. ... Special Education 7.1 Types of the institutions, courses and enrollment of students: The Ministry of Education supervises two schools of the education of the deaf and the mentally retarded students. ... - The other school is for the mentally handicapped students: This school provides education for the students of a simple mental handicap and who are able to follow their studies in this school. ... Courses are taken from the courses of general education. ... * Educational activities: Sports, Art Education, Music, Agriculture education and Home science. ... These students are transferred from general education schools. ... Private Education 8.1 Parties responsible for private education: Private schools are established by the Omani private sector (either individuals or companies). ... Private schools are under the technical and administrative supervision of the Ministry of Education through the Department of Private Education and sections of private education in the regions. Legal Basis The Ministry of Education has issued special regulations to control the work of private schools. ... The regulations book and the two guidebooks were issued to assure that the quality of education provided by private schools is not less than that offered by public schools. ... - Teaching staff and other supervising staff should be appointed after getting the approval of the Ministry of Education. ... 2 Types of private schools and levels Pre-school education is provided by the private sector only as there are no kindergartens in the public education system. ... Private schools offer education in the three levels - elementary, preparatory and secondary. ... However, it is expected that the number of private schools and their students will increase in future as the Ministry intends that private schools play a bigger role and more efficient in education. |
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