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Introduction This booklet will identify the various landforms encountered throughout the long river profile highlighting the variations between the upper, middle and lower courses of the river system and demonstrate the interaction between these physical processes and man’s use of the land. The water of the Tees carves its way through the landscape, eroding, transporting material and creating new landforms. The Long River Profile UPPER COURSE MIDDLE COURSE LOWER COURSE The journey starts in the moorlands of Cumbria and works its way down through the Pennines through Cow Green Reservoir, over High Force waterfall and meandering through the countryside into the industrial regions of Darlington, Stockton-on-Tees and Middlesbrough and finally as it enters the North Sea at Tees Bay. Below is a map showing details of the Pennines and various towns located on the River Tees. Map 1 Key to Map1 M Middleton-in-Teesdale B Barnard Castle D Darlington Y Yarm S Stockton-on-Tees MI Middlesbrough H Hartlepool Pennines The River Tees for descriptive purposes can be split into three distinct sections entitled the upper course, the middle course and the lower course. ... Map 2 This project will deal with each of these sections of river separately and will describe the features found in each section, using diagrams and photographs, it will describe how these features were formed and provide examples of how man has responded to these geographical landforms. This project will show as technology has advanced how the use of the River Tees has changed, with the proliferation of larger ocean going vessels, the traditional shipping town of Yarm has been superseded by first Stockton-on-Tees and then by Middlesbrough. It will go on to describe the effect man has had on the River Tees and also give details of how man has attempted to redress the problems of pollution and also give details of the various measures undertaken to prevent flooding. THE UPPER COURSE The River Tees is located in the North East of England, it rises at 893 metres above sea level on the eastern slopes of Cross Fell, one of the northern peaks of the Pennines. The river flows from west to east for approximately 160km until it enters the North Sea at Tees Bay. The first part of the course of the Tees is across high, bleak moorland where there are few trees and only scattered and isolated farms and villages. ... Shortly after it leaves Cow Green Reservoir the Tees flows over Cauldron Snout, the first of two spectacular waterfalls along its course. ... After High Force the river widens and flows through a broad valley towards the town of Middleton-in-Teesdale and through to Barnard Castle. Throughout the upper course, numerous landforms and processes can be observed, below is a picture taken near Cross Fell, the source of the River Tees, displaying many geographical features. ... It is caused primarily by the flow of the water, as the river cuts down into the landscape in an upland area, gravity and mass movements roll material down the valley sides to give the valley a typical v shape Gullies These are small v-shaped valleys. These are a very common feature of the upper stage of a river. Interlocking spurs Interlocking spurs are alternate hills in the river valley. The river does not have a high water volume at this point and even though it is fast flowing, the river cannot erode laterally erode (sideways) to remove the spurs. Because of this the river has to flow around the spurs, eroding vertically. Potholes As the river is vertically eroding in the Upper Course, potholes can be created when larger pieces of load that the river cannot remove by traction are twisted around by eddy currents. The river is not strong enough to pull the boulder along the river, the obstruction creates a swirling motion in the water. ... Waterfall and Gorge The river flows over a ridge of hard rock and the turbulent water and fragments of rock that it carries wear away at the soft rocks below, forming a hollow. ... There are two significant waterfalls on the River Tees and they are Cauldron Snout, which is Britain’s highest waterfall and High Force, which is Britain’s biggest waterfall. ... Average annual rainfall in the Upper Course is typically 1200mm (three times the rainfall experienced in the Lower Course of the Tees) subsequently the land never dries out. ... Because of the shape of the land and the high rainfall, it was decided to construct a dam on the Upper Tees, this was completed in 1971 and can be seen below in an aerial photo. ... Cow Green Reservoir The high rainfall provides a reliable supply of water, however, the River Tees is known to be “flashy” meaning that water levels can rise very quickly following a rain storm. ... On the bleaker moorlands there is no settlement at all, but more farms and small villages are sited along the B6277 road which follows the more sheltered land in the Tees valley. The farms in the Upper Course provide the base for one of the major uses of land in the Upper Tees, rough grazing for sheep. ... Sheep Farming The grazing of sheep can also contribute towards erosion in the upper Tees, as over grazing on steep slopes will speed up the process of terracettes and vertical erosion. Tourism is now also a major activity in the Upper Tees, the open moorland, High Force, the nature trail at Widdybank Fell, the shooting estates, the Pennine way, attractive villages and market towns such as Middleton-in-Teesdale all attract visitors to Upper Teesdale. ... Here the lush green fields of the Tees Vale are a continuation of the Vale of York and provide miles of extensive farmland. |
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