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Globalisation
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GLOBALISATION, THE STATE & NATIONALISM
A. ... The key point here is that we are all caught up in global patterns of change or globalisation. ... We need to ask whether current ideas about globalisation discuss anything that’s substantially new. ... This suspicion that globalisation does not change matters fundamentally is central to realists such as Waltz who maintain that centrifugal tendencies will always prevail over centripetal tendencies in world politics. The upshot of all this is that we need to ask, first, if the globalisation which is the subject of so much attention is really different from the global forces that writers such as Marx described in the twentieth century; and, second, whether it is right or wrong to think that globalisation fundamentally changes the nature of international politics. ... I want to begin by looking at one of the first great theorists of globalisation - the communist thinker, Karl Marx. ... I then turn to the concept of globalisation, which is the most discussed idea in Politics and International Relations today. ... We then need to ask what globalisation means for nationalism and the state. ... Does globalisation foster a more global political consciousness? ... KARL MARX ON GLOBALISATION
1. ... Marx believed that globalisation was destroying national loyalties. ... I mention this because they think modern ideas about globalisation fall at the same fence. ... Realists are in the main unpersuaded by all this talk of globalisation. ... Marx was one of the first analysts of the development of what is now called globalisation because he thought that humanity was about to move beyond nationalism and the state. ... But we are left with a question which deserves much closer attention - indeed I want to suggest it is the central question raised by globalisation. ... To start to answer these questions, we need to ask ‘what is globalisation? ... THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALISATION
1. ... Currency movements and financial speculation in world markets are examples of globalisation, so are the CNN factor, the worldwide web and internet, multinational corporations, global brands, fashions and celebrities, mass tourism, mass migration, transnational crime, the spread of HIV/AIDS, the rise of the universal human rights culture and global environmental problems. ... The global scale of the operation, the ability to use the financial system to move money around, the movement of people across borders and so forth are all examples of globalisation. ... Scholte helps us think about the significance of all this by making an important distinction between internationalisation and globalisation. ... Globalisation, by contrast, erodes the separateness of societies. ... So the question is how far do the processes gathered together under the label of globalisation really reduce the separateness of societies as opposed simply to meaning that they are less immune from the effects of global economic and political processes. ... Scholte quotes Kohr’s view that globalisation is what the Third World has called colonialism for centuries. ... Globalisation meant that Captain Cook could turn up in Botany Bay with a license to colonise. ... Kohr is saying that the modern obsession with globalisation is a little odd; non-Western societies have long been aware of globalisation. The larger point is that globalisation sounds as though it affects all human beings equally. But Kohr’s point is that globalisation does not affect the whole world in exactly the same way. ... In short we need to analyse the forms of power which are inherent in globalisation. ... Let’s look at different positions people have in relation to globalisation. ... On the one side, the beneficiary of globalisation; on the other side the victim - on the one side, actors promoting globalisation; on the other side, peoples whose lives are influenced profoundly by events which originate elsewhere. Another way of making this point is that powerful actors in some parts of the world drive globalisation and create in the process forms of power and inequality. ... For Shiva, this is the reality of globalisation for people living in the less well off parts of the world. The point is that globalisation is not the same for a coffee producer in Brazil and for jet-setting business executive living in Manhattan or Singapore. ... Can we assume that globalisation is actually global however? Thompson and Hirst in their book argue that globalisation is mainly confined to North America, Europe and Japan or parts of Asia. These form the three sides of the triangle of economic globalisation. At least this is where globalisation is at it greatest. The upshot is that many people in other parts of the world are not caught up in economic globalisation to anything like the same extent. ... So we have to ask how far globalisation really eats into different cultures. ... The point here is that globalisation has different dimensions: economic (eg incorporation within the world economy; environmental (influenced by global pollution), military and political (incorporated within the global security and intelligence which has developed esp since 9/11) and cultural (influenced by Western values and life-styles - the so-called ‘MacDonaldisation’ or ‘CocaColaisation’ of the world. All forms of globalisation erode the separateness but they do not necessarily end the autonomy of societies. Cultural globalisation erodes separateness but it would only erode the autonomy of societies if their members transferred their loyalties to other associations. ... The realist will say that military and political globalisation (the spread of biological and chemical weapons eg) is more important than economic and cultural globalisation. Quite a lot of the literature on globalisation suggests that military and political globalisation are losing out to economic and cultural globalisation. This takes me to the large question of what globalisation means for the state and nationalism. ... Some have argued that economic globalisation has a pacifying effect. ... One state in particular - the US - has driven economic globalisation. ... The realist will say that political and military globalisation in which different states have come to be located within US global security system - and not economic and cultural globalisation - decides the future of international relations. ... Does the mean that loyalties still revolve around the nation-state, and that globalisation does not mean that human beings are more global in their outlook? ... Scholte argues that globalisation creates greater awareness of the world as a single place, greater awareness eg of global processes such as climate change. ... However, globalisation can trigger hostile responses to the encroachment of alien values. ... In short, globalisation has made people more aware of threats to their difference and keen to preserve these differences rather than to merge them in some cosmopolitan culture. ... Globalisation seems straightforward. ... But we need to distinguish between different forms of globalisation and to ask what they mean for the separateness and autonomy of states. Are political and military globalisation less influential than economic and cultural globalisation? Does globalisation xmake the world more or less equal? ...
LECTURE 11 - GLOBALISATION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
A. ... We touched last time on the fact that globalisation produces winners and losers. I want to take this further today by looking at what various analysts have said about how globalisation influences the distribution of wealth and how it has led to demands for global justice. ... (It is also important for understanding some of the themes in anti-globalisation movement which I’ll come back to later in the lecture). ... So policies to redistribute wealth are needed as part of a programme of creating ‘globalisation with a global face’.
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Paper Information
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Title: Globalisation
Words: 6017
Rating: None
Pages: 24.1
submitted by: LeePurch
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