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Papers > Science > Environmental Risks The Harmful Effects of Smoking
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Environmental Risks The Harmful Effects of Smoking |
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Environmental Risks: The Harmful Effects of Smoking Nanci Noel-Cross BIO 109 Environmental Science Professor Lawrence Kornreich, Ph.D October 22, 2002 Abstract According to Miller, “Risk is the possibility of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, economic loss, or environmental damage and is expressed in mathematical terms of probability (How likely is the event? ... Following is a discussion of the risks of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) as the hazard, including the probability and/or likeliness of death or severe illness (i. ... This paper will also discuss nonsmokers who are exposed to cigarette smoke (particularly children) who are involuntarily exposed to these harmful toxins. My conclusion will explore reasons why the above risks may be acceptable to those who smoke, as expressed preferences, as well as the stand public policies are taking to restrict smoking. Smoking causes fully one sixth of all deaths in the United States each year -- more than alcohol, all illicit drugs, AIDS, guns, automobiles, and all forms of air pollution combined. A conservative estimate, looking only at deaths directly caused by diseases most clearly caused by smoking, is 350,000 per year -- more than two jumbo jets crashing every single day. ... Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the combination of two forms of smoke from burning tobacco products: 1. ... Smoking causes 140,000 (or 30 percent) of the estimated 472,000 annual cancer deaths. ... " Additionally, 80-90 percent of the 130,000 annual deaths are caused by smoking-related lung cancer, the largest single category of cancer deaths. ... Smoking also greatly multiplies the chances of contracting lung cancer if the smoker is also exposed to other substances such as asbestos, coal dust, cotton dust, saw dust, heavy metals, and other industrial contaminants. ... Smoking is also responsible for many other types of cancers, many of which prove fatal. ... Caused by Smoking (where available) Relative Risk Comparing Smokers to Comparable Nonsmokers (where available) Survival Rate (Years and Percent) LARYNX 4,000 84% 5-33 5 yr = 60% ORAL (lip, tongue, etc. |
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Title: Environmental Risks The Harmful Effects of Smoking
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