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1. Earthquakes 2
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Earthquakes |
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... Kinds and Locations of Earthquakes Three general classes of earthquakes are now recognized: tectonic, volcanic, and artificially produced. ... Not all subduction zones are subject to frequent earthquakes. According to a theory developed in 1995 by scientists in the United States and Chile, the frequency and magnitude of earthquakes around subduction zones are related to the direction in which the plates are moving. ... This reduces the amount of area in which the plates touch, so the subduction zone does not produce many earthquakes and any earthquakes it does produce are not as strong. ... This produces more frequent, stronger earthquakes. Tectonic earthquakes beyond the Ring of Fire occur in a variety of geological settings. ... Another setting for tectonic earthquakes is a zone stretching across the Mediterranean and Caspian seas and the Himalayas, terminating in the Bay of Bengal. ... As the flanks and summit of the volcano swell and are tilted, rupture of the strained rocks may be signaled by swarms of small earthquakes. ... Humans can induce earthquakes through a variety of activities, such as the filling of new reservoirs, the underground detonation of atomic explosives, or the pumping of fluids deep into the earth through wells. For example, in 1962 the city of Denver, Colorado, began to experience earthquakes for the first time in its history. ... When pumping was discontinued, the earthquakes persisted for a short time and then ceased. Earthquake Effects Earthquakes produce various effects of concern to the inhabitants of seismically active regions. ... Another destructive effect of earthquakes is the generation, usually by subsea tremors, of so-called tidal waves. ... Intensity Scales Seismologists have devised two scales of measurement to describe earthquakes quantitatively. ... History of Earthquake Study Questions regarding the nature of earthquakes have occupied the minds of people living in earthquake-prone areas since ancient times. ... Perhaps drawing on his knowledge of the strength and behavior of construction materials subjected to strain, Mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred "either by sudden flexure and constraint of the elastic materials forming a portion of the earths crust or by their giving way and becoming fractured. ... Earthquake Prediction Attempts at predicting when and where earthquakes will occur have met with some success in recent years. ... Devastating Earthquakes Historical records of earthquakes before the middle of the 18th century are generally lacking or unreliable. ... In North America, the series of earthquakes that struck southeastern Missouri in 1811 and 1812 were probably the most powerful experienced in the United States in historical time. |
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Title: Earthquakes
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