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Scalable Processors in the Billion-Transistor Era: IRAM The importance of an efficient memory system is increasing as fabrication processes scale down, yielding faster processors and larger memories. ... IRAM APPROACH The intelligent RAM (IRAM) approach to the billion- transistor microprocessor is to use the on-chip realestate for dynamic RAM (DRAM) memory instead of SRAM caches. ... Advantages IRAM sytems have several potential advantages. ... A more efficient way of using the huge amount of real estate available is to integrate a high-performance processor and the DRAM main memory on the same die, an architecture called intelligent RAM, or IRAM. ... Kozyrakis Stylianos Perissakis David Patterson Thomas Anderson Krste Asanovi ¢ c Neal Cardwell Richard Fromm Jason Golbus Benjamin Gribstad Kimberly Keeton Randi Thomas Noah Treuhaft Katherine Yelick University of California, Berkeley Theme Feature The IRAM approach, combined with a vector architecture, leads to a scalable, highperformance system. ... 4 Since the majority of pins in conventional microprocessors are devoted to wide memory interfaces, an IRAM can have a much more streamlined interface. ... 6 The IRAM approach can be combined with most processor organizations because of the inherent cost advantages of system-level integration. ... 4 Using the IRAM approach creates the potential for superior performance on architectures that can effectively exploit the higher memory bandwidth and lower memory latency. ... Vector IRAM architecture An architecture that appears to be a natural match to IRAM because of its bandwidth demands and its well understood programming model is the vector processor. Figure 1 shows the floor plan of the Berkeley IRAM design. ... 8 Although vector architectures are commonly associated with expensive supercomputers, V-IRAM is a cost-effective system, providing a scalar processor with a vector unit and the memory system on a single die. Vector computers today often use SRAM main memory for low latency and use exotic packaging to provide enough bandwidth to the processor, but a single-chip vector IRAM avoids these costs. ... Many database primitives, like sort, search, and hash-join, have been vectorized, and memory-intensive database applications like decision support and data mining could benefit from IRAM systems with a vector processor. ... In addition to the vector processor, vector IRAM includes a fast scalar processor with small SRAM primary caches, so even nonvectorizable codes will benefit from the fast memory system. ... Hence, innovation at the architecture-compiler interface may allow even more programs to vectorize, making vector IRAM even more attractive. ... Energy efficiency has increased importance in the IRAM context, where it is necessary to keep the die temperature relatively low to keep the data retention rate at an acceptable level, since empirical data suggest that it has to be doubled for every 10-degree increase in die temperature. ... BERKELEY V-IRAM SYSTEM Figure 1 shows a possible floor plan of a gigabit-generation V-IRAM. ... Hence, the peak performance of the V-IRAM implementation is 16 GFLOPS (at 64 bits per operation) or 128 GOPS, when each pipeline is split into multiple 8-bit pipelines for multimedia operations. ... The scalar core of V-IRAM is a dual-issue processor with first-level instruction and data caches. This floor plan indicates another advantage of V-IRAM when trying to use a billion transistors: The design is highly regular with a few unique pieces used repeatedly across the die. Thus the development cost of V-IRAM can be much lower than it would be for conventional designs with a billion transistors. CHALLENGES TO IRAM For the IRAM approach to become a mainstream architecture, a number of critical issues need to be resolved. |
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Title: iram
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