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Water for the World 1. Introduction India has a desperate need for a simple effective water purifier for domestic use. Frequent floods and lack of sanitation have contaminated the available water in India [1] and this water is still used for domestic requirements without treatment. The presence of human waste in water resources has been linked with over 50 infections including hookworm, roundworm, dysentery [2] and cholera which have been the cause of many deaths [1]. The consumption of unsanitary water contributed to an elevated rate of infant mortality and widespread disease [1]. Approximately 300 million Indian residents are living in poverty [2] and the need for a cost efficient water purifier would help satisfy the basic human requirement. The objective of this report is to determine the feasibility of the development of a domestic water purifier. Experiments will be completed in order to determine average water requirements. ... Using the results from these experiments, recommendations of four different water purifier designs will be included. ... 1 Current Status of Water Purifiers There exists as many types of water purifiers today as there are problems with water. All water purifiers are created with the same main idea; to take the current state of water and alter it so it may be used to serve a purpose. Water is used in many applications including for human consumption, cleaning, cooling, conducting heat, generating energy and many other industrial applications. There are approximately four major categories, which must be addressed when looking at the condition of the source water being purified. First, the total suspended solids (TSS) must be assessed, and this includes all of the particles which are not dissolved in the water. These solids will collect and clog any water purifier and as such, the water is first treated to remove the suspended solid. A simple way to remove these solids is to use a screen filter, through which water molecules can travel, however anything larger is filtered out. ... Suspended solids are usually a problem where a river or stream is used as the source of water. Undissolved organics and dirt are eroded carried by the flowing water. Second, the condition of the total dissolved solids (TDS) should be analysed, and the amount of allowable mineral salts needs to be determined based on the particular application of the water. Common harmful dissolved solids that may be present in water include are arsenic, boron, strontium, and barium. These metals can be found in streams near industrial areas where water is used for cooling and waste purposes. Other dissolved solids that are naturally found in water including calcium, sodium, lead, and iron and may require at least partial removal. A procedure for removing the majority of dissolved solids is to pass the water over a semi-permeable membrane filter which only allows water to pass through the membrane. This technique is commonly found in industrial water purification and is known as reverse osmosis. ... of dissolved minerals found in pure drinking water. Third, the amount of volatile organic chemicals (VOC) and natural organics needs to be addressed when purifying the water. ... Natural organics are decomposed plant and animal matter, which, over time becomes thoroughly mixed with the water and creating a foul taste and discolouration to the water. ... This is effective because most VOC have a lower boiling temperature than water. Finally, the bacteria from wastes needs to be removed so the water will be safe for consumption, cooking, and cleaning applications. Many current water purifiers solve this problem by adding a small amount of chlorine to the untreated water to kill most of the bacteria before it goes through its filtration process. These are the four major conditions that all water purifiers must take into consideration during the design process. Similarly, the level of purity, which is dependent upon the application of the water, can significantly impact the determination of the most appropriate purifying method. ... For the purpose of our water purifier we will assume all conduction will occur between one-dimensional plates. ... It will be assumed that the water purifiers in this report will only deal with free convection. ... In purifiers where water is evaporated and condensed or pasteurized, the equations given for conduction, convection, and radiation are useful in determining if heat is absorbed or emitted to the environment by a water purifier. ... Conduction is also present in most water purifiers. ... This can be helpful in either heating or cooling water. Convection occurs between the surfaces involved in the water purifier contacted by the water and between the purifier and the surrounding air. Convection can assist in warming the water or cooling depending on the situation. The parameters also help one identify characteristics of a good water purifier, such as, black surface to maximize heat flux due to radiation or maximum surface area for a solar panel. ... 1 Experiment Design Four different experiments were conducted in order for the approximant volume of water needed by a 5 person Indian family to be determined. The first experiment determined how much water the average person consumes in one day. The students in The University of Waterloo’s first year mechanical Engineering class kept track of the volume of water which they consumed in one day. |
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