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ATHLETIC BURNOUT |
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... ABSTRACT Although research in the area of athletic burnout is limited at this point, there is a definite need for further investigation of this phenomenon. Burnout, in athletic settings, has been defined as a psychological, emotional, and sometimes a physical withdrawal from an activity in response to excessive stress or dissatisfaction (Smith, 1986, p. ... Initial research on burnout has dealt with people in helping professions, but more recently studies have focussed on burnout in athletes. ... The handful of studies undertaken thus far have all confirmed their own theories on the nature, causes, and consequences of athletic burnout, but until these are replicated, we cannot state these theories as fact. It is critically important to determine the frequency of burnout amongst athletes as well as developing coping and prevention strategies to counteract this experience. ... DEFINITION OF TERMS Athletic burnout – a psychological, emotional, and sometimes a physical withdrawal from an activity in response to excessive stress or dissatisfaction (Smith, 1986, p. ... Burnout – a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who work with people in some capacity (Maslach & Jackson, 1981, p. ... BACKGROUND Burnout is a word that is often used in todays world, but is rarely well defined. ... The most widely recognised definition of burnout in general literature was proposed by Maslach & Jackson (1981) when they termed burnout as "a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who work with people in some capacity" (p. ... He believed burnout to be "a psychological, emotional, and sometimes a physical withdrawal from an activity in response to excessive stress or dissatisfaction"(p. ... Research dealing with the psychological concept of burnout initially focussed on people working in human service professions such as nursing, teaching, and social workers (Maslach, & Jackson, 1981; Russell, D. ... Due to the similar nature of the work, research then progressed into the sporting world through studies on burnout in athletic trainers, coaches, directors, and officials (Caccese & Mayerberg, 1984; Capel, 1986; Capel, Sisley, & Desertrain, 1987; Dale & Weinberg, 1989; Kelley, 1994; Kelley, Eklund, & Ritter-Taylor, 1999; Kelley & Gill, 1993; Martin, Kelley, & Eklund, 1999; Taylor, Daniel, Leith, & Burke, 1990; Vealey, Udry, Zimmerman, & Soliday, 1992). In the last decade or so, increasing attention has been given to burnout in athletes (Cohn, 1990; Fender, 1989; Gould, Tuffey, Udry, & Loehr, 1996b; Gould, Tuffey, Udry, & Loehr, 1997; Gould et al. ... This study will focus on burnout in the athletic setting only. ... Athletic burnout has become an increasing concern for coaches, administrators, and athletes in recent years (Gould et al. ... At most, only a handful of empirical studies have been carried out to examine the burnout phenomenon in sport. Therefore, there is no conclusive data to support the causes and effects of burnout on athletes, nor has there been consistent strategies design to prevent or cope with burnout. ... Smith (1986) suggested future research might choose to focus on questions such as: how athlete burnout affects functioning in other areas such as social relationships, academics, and job performance? How long lasting are the effects of burnout? What are the consequences of burnout in terms of performance and attitude towards sport and physical activity? ... Coaches and athletic trainers would be able to use data obtained from research to assist in structuring of training programs to possibly prevent stress and burnout in their athletes. Sporting administrators would benefit by the prevention or reduction in the number of athletes who drop out of the sport through burnout. Parents of athletes may be able to use the data obtained to assist their children in reducing stress and being able to spot when their child may be suffering symptoms of burnout. ... REVIEW OF LITERATURE As previously stated, there has only been a handful of researchers that have studied the effects of burnout in an athletic setting. ... These studies have identified a number of consequences of burnout, individual personality differences that may enhance the likelihood of burnout, as well as the discussion of relevant coping and prevention strategies. ... 1 Perspectives of burnout Throughout the past two decades, researchers have developed alternate perspectives on what causes the phenomenon of burnout. The most commonly held view amongst researchers is that burnout is a response to chronic stress (Cohn, 1990; Fender, 1989; Gould et al. |
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